Bases in Codons
BASES IN CODONS
The Nucleotide Base Twins:
+ 
= 
Adenine Thymine A + T
+ 
= 
Cytosine Guanine C + G
Between the START and STOP codons in a gene,
those codons that differ in the 3rd nucleotide
can still code for the same amino acid.
It’s called a ‘wobble’
Has the genetic code dogma utterly failed?
A
The above model is wrong because it does not explain the role of the 2nd half (32-64) of the codons. The 1st half of the codons (1-32) are codons-synonyms. The 2nd half (32-64) of the codons are codons-homonyms. They are not equivalent, meaning that the same codons can code different amino acids & stop-positions in protein bio-synthesis.
It means that ribosomes can make mistakes while choosing amino acids & stop-positions (stops), however this never occurs. The major flaw in the above model is that it automatically implies an ambiguity of amino acids & stops encoding. In reality no ambiguity is evident. Why is the ribosome never mistaken?
Here we should have a look at the context mRNA. It is the understanding of mRNA context by the protein-synthesizing system that allows the ribosome to choose the exact semantics of the codon-homonym and, therefore, amino acid and/or stop-position. If the context is understood, it means that the genetic apparatus has a quasi consciousness.
This allows in: other semantic vectors of the protein code, an opportunity to adapt to changing environmental conditions in the course of its evolution and development, and the ability to produce pools of test proteins.
Misunderstanding and ignoring the strategic role of codon-homonyms has already led to the protein pathogenicity of GM food, leading to cancer and severe allergies.
Do we understand correctly the main principles of the embryo formation into an adult organism? No, we don’t.
Click here for answers..
B
The Perfect Code Theory?
The first step toward properly understanding the genetic code is to realize that nobody actually understands it.
Research has shown that the different shapes in organisms are caused by the hierarchic level and timing of switching a specific gene on or off.
In other words, how much of the gene is turned on or off, and when during the growth stage of an organism do you turn that gene section on or off. It is another non-coding gene that controls this switching on or off, the hox gene.
The second step is to realize that the genetic code has a 3D shape and is a dodecahedral molecular language.
The third step is to realize that the genetic code is so complex that it will take decades of good work to build a proper platform for actually understanding it.
Maximum symmetry in the genetic code
- What is the ideal form of a DNA molecule?
A double helix. - What is the ideal form of the double helix?
A dodecahedron. - What is the ideal form of the genetic code?
A dodecahedron. - What is the ideal form of the cosmic lattice?
Cells shaped as dodecahedrons.