{"id":766,"date":"2026-06-08T02:29:14","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T06:29:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-06-08T02:29:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T06:29:14","slug":"distorted-dna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/?p=766","title":{"rendered":"Distorted DNA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Distorted DNA<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Our nuclear DNA genome is under constant attack from reactive chemicals that the cell generates as by-products of metabolism, as well as environmental threats as X rays, UV radiation from the sun, and immense chemical pollution, <a href=\"?p=777\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">etc<\/span><\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/Chew-Muscle%20making%20gene-skull-brain-growth-in-humans-till-age-30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"154\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Missing few &#8216;letters&#8217; can stop brain growth before age 30<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Among the 100,000&#8217;s of mutations within the human genome, over 4,000 are known to be associated with genetic diseases or disorders, as well as aging. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease can be caused by a single gene mutation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JFKcCEQKdu0\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Types of DNA Distortion<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Different processes like hydrolysis, alkylation, de-amination, oxidation, and <a href=\"?p=620\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">transcription<\/span><\/a> are capable of causing changes among the &asymp;3.5 billion base-twins in the DNA molecule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Hydrolysis<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The chemical bond between a DNA base and its respective <a href=\"?p=600\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">de-oxy-ribose<\/span><\/a>, is subject to chance cleavage by a water molecule in a process known as spontaneous hydrolysis. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Loss of the <a href=\"?p=405\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">purine base<\/span><\/a> is referred to as de-purination. The loss of the <a href=\"?p=405\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">pyrimidine base<\/span><\/a> is called de-pyrimidination. <br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The now base-less sugars become <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AP_site\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">AP-sites<\/span><\/a>, A-Purinic or A-Pyrimidinic. They are potentially lethal to the cell, as they act to block the progress of DNA replication. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">However, they are efficiently repaired in a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions collectively referred to as the <a href=\"?p=767\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Base Excision Repair<\/span><\/a> (BER) pathway. In fact, AP-sites are intentionally created during the course of BER:<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/72oT6N90iWc\" allowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"170\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">De-amination<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">One form of modification of a base-pair&rsquo;s chemical structure is &lsquo;spontaneous de-amination&rsquo;, the loss of an amino group (-NH2). Cytosine (C), paired with guanine (G) in normal DNA, has an amino group attached to its <a href=\"?p=598\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">4th carbon<\/span><\/a> (C4).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">When that amino group is lost, an uracil (U) base is formed, and a normal C-G DNA base pair is changed to a U-G base pair. Uracil is normally not a part of DNA.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">During DNA replication, this uracil (U) will pair with a new adenine (A), while on the other strand the guanine (G) will pair with a new cytosine (C). Thus, one DNA double-strand contains a normal C-G base pair, but the other double-strand has a mutant U-A base pair instead of a G-C pair. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">This process is called &lsquo;mutation fixation&rsquo;. The cell accepts now the new mutant U-A base pair as normal. About 400 cytosine de-amination events occur daily in our genome. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Repair before DNA replication commences, is vital. One cause of normal human <a href=\"?p=387\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">aging<\/span><\/a> is the gradual accumulation of mutations in our cellular DNA.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Alkylation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/4-2011-pics\/smiley-emotions.jpg\" style=\"width: 107px; height: 109px;\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Another type of base modification is alkylation. This occurs when an alkyl group (like methyl -CH3 or ethyl -C2H5) is transferred to a DNA base. The nitrogen atoms of the purine bases (N3 of adenine and N7 of guanine) and the <a href=\"?p=598\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">oxygen atom of guanine<\/span><\/a> (O6) are particularly susceptible to alkylation in the form of methylation. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><a href=\"?p=764\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Methylation<\/span><\/a> of DNA bases can occur through the action of environmental and intracellular agents. Chemicals such as di-methylsulfate, formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil and N-methyl-N-nitrosoamine, a component of tobacco smoke, are powerful alkylating agents. These chemicals create mutations and cancer cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Inside every cell is a small molecule known as S-adenosyl-methionine or &lsquo;SAM&rsquo;. The function of SAM is to provide an activated methyl group for virtually every normal biological methylation reaction. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">SAM helps to make important molecules such as adrenaline, a hormone secreted in times of stress; creatine, which provides energy for muscle contraction; and phosphate-idyl-choline, an important component of cell membranes. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">However, SAM can also methylate the wrong targets, such as adenine and guanine. Such damage must be continually repaired to prevent mutation fixation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Oxidation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">High-energy radiation, like X rays and gamma radiation, causes <a href=\"?p=1074\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">oxidative DNA base damage<\/span><\/a> by interacting with water molecules to create highly reactive oxygen species, which then attack DNA bases at susceptible carbon atoms. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Oxidative base damage is also produced by reactive oxygen species released during normal &lsquo;respiration&rsquo; in <a href=\"?p=191\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">mitochondria<\/span><\/a>, the cell&#8217;s &quot;energy factories.&quot;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">When levels of endogenous DNA damage, or exposure to harmful exogenous agents like radiation or toxic chemicals is high, the cell&#8217;s DNA repair systems become overwhelmed. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The result is a high mutation rate, which in turn may lead to cell death, cancer, and other diseases. The level of DNA repair activity <a href=\"?p=387\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">declines with age<\/span><\/a>, thus increasing the mutational burden of each cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Proton mutation<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">In rare cases, if the free proton of a Cytosine acid starts <a href=\"\/userfiles\/file\/Proton%20Tunneling.pdf\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">tunneling<\/span><\/a> from its nitrogen atom in stead of its oxygen atom, then -from a quantum-information-perspective- its acts like a Thymine acid. Thus, an <a href=\"?p=598\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Adenine acid &#8216;sees&#8217; it<\/span><\/a> as a Thymine acid and will bond with it, causing a mutation. <br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2013%20pics\/A+C-nucleotide.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"169\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">EW Magnetic Fields<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Extremely Weak Magnetic Fields can cause <a href=\"http:\/\/microwavenews.com\/news-center\/unified-theory-magnetic-field-action\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">major changes in DNA<\/span><\/a>. Those changes can be observed with a standard microscope, by very carefully counting the chromosomes. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The magnetic fields can change the speed of the protons through the <a href=\"?p=191\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">ATPS water channels<\/span><\/a>, and thus effect the chromosome count.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\"><strong>Promising Repair Solution<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"280\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4YKFw2KZA5o\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The current state-of-the-art gene-editing tool, known as CRISPR-Cas9, is extremely powerful, but its lack of precision, high error rate and limited scope hamper its ability to treat human genetic diseases. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1711-4#article-info\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Prime editing<\/span><\/a>, is a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 endo-nuclease fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with a <span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">p<\/span>rime <span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">e<\/span>diting <span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">g<\/span>uide RNA (pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"?p=1016\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><strong><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">read more &#8230;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Distorted DNA Our nuclear DNA genome is under constant attack from reactive chemicals that the cell generates as by-products of metabolism, as well as environmental threats as X rays, UV radiation from the sun, and immense chemical pollution, etc. Missing few &#8216;letters&#8217; can stop brain growth before age 30 Among the 100,000&#8217;s of mutations within&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1620,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=766"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/766\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}