{"id":923,"date":"2026-06-08T02:29:14","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T06:29:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-06-08T02:29:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T06:29:14","slug":"immune-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/?p=923","title":{"rendered":"Immune System"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 102, 153);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Immune System<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2021%20pics\/The%20immune%20system.png\" width=\"399\" height=\"223\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"280\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lXfEK8G8CUI\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes that protects an organism against <a href=\"?p=775\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">dis-eases<\/span><\/a>. To properly function, this system has to detect a very wide variety of <a href=\"?p=231\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">pathogens<\/span><\/a>, such as <a href=\"?p=502\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">viruses<\/span><\/a>, parasitic worms, etc., and distinguish them from its own healthy tissues.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"409\" height=\"293\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/immune-system.jpg\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The castor bean plant, also called palma christi or Ricinus communis, is a tropical shrub that has large palmate leaves and spiny capsules containing seeds that are the source of ricin and <a href=\"?p=931\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">castor oil<\/span><\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/Ricinus_lopix.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">This oil attracts T-cells. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T_cell\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">T-cells<\/span><\/a> are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"222\" height=\"222\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/T_Cell.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Healthy human T-cell<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Cell mediated immunity<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"> is an immune response that does <u>not<\/u> involve antibodies, but stimulates cells to secrete a variety of cytokines (specialized chemical mediators) that influence the function of other cells involved in the immune responses, and also activates the anti-gen-specific cyto-toxic T-cells. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">These type T-cells cause apoptosis, a highly regulated and programmed process of dying. Excessive apoptosis can causes atrophy. Insufficient apoptosis results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, as in cancer.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"388\" height=\"213\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/T-cell%20kills.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Cell-mediated immunity is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also helps defending against fungi, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. Apoptosis causes 50-70 billion cells to die each day in the average human adult. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">T-cells have a receptor (TCR) on their surface. They are called T cells because most mature in the Thymus gland. T-cells either direct and regulate immune responses, or directly attack infected or cancerous cells. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Most human T cells are part of the adaptive immune system, few participate in the innate immune system.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"280\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LmpuerlbJu0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The <em>adaptive or acquired immune system<\/em>, is composed of supremely specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. It memorizes the initial response which will improve all subsequent encounters.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The cells of the <em>innate immune system<\/em> provide immediate defense against infections, without long-lasting or protective immunity. It is an older system of defense. It is the dominant immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and simple multi-cellular organisms. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The immune response that involves anti-body production is called <em>humoral immunity<\/em>. It involves soluble substances found in the humours, the blood and body fluids. These protective substances are capable of killing parasitic micro-organisms. B-cell activation is a part of the humoral immune response:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"396\" height=\"575\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/B_cell_activation.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The immune cells&#8217; major functions are to:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Produce cytokines and send them to the infected sites,<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells,<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph,<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Act as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">A cytokine storm is an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds (cytokines), which, in a virus\/flu infection, is often associated with a surge of activated immune cells into the lungs. The resulting lung inflammation and fluid buildup can lead to respiratory distress and can be contaminated by a secondary bacterial pneumonia, often enhancing the mortality in patients. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Examples are Sars (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Mers, Covid-19. All these corona-viruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging widely in severity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Both immune systems comprise of humoral and cell-mediated components.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"167\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/userfiles\/image\/2014%20pics\/Cyto-T-cell.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Light (311&ndash;313 nm) therapy can be effective in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a type of cancer of the immune system. CTCL is not B-cell related but is caused by a mutation of T-cells. The malignant T-cells in the body initially migrate to the skin, causing various lesions to appear. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">These lesions change shape as the disease progresses, typically beginning as what appears to be a rash which can be very itchy and eventually forming plaques and tumors before metastasizing to other parts of the body.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">The Complement system<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\">This system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen&#8217;s membrane:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"280\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BSypUV6QUNw\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"?p=388\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Verdana;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">read more &#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Immune System The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes that protects an organism against dis-eases. To properly function, this system has to detect a very wide variety of pathogens, such as viruses, parasitic worms, etc., and distinguish them from its own healthy tissues. The castor bean plant, also called palma&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1420,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/923","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=923"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/923\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=923"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=923"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c2creset.ondigit.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=923"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}