Amino Acid Structure ? Amino acids always contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and occasionally phosphorus, sulfur, zinc, copper and iron. The nitrogen content distinguishes protein from fat and carbohydrate. The nitrogen is responsible for the unique physiological function of a protein. Amino acids can be joined together in chains of: < 50 amino acids, called peptides,…
Protein Peptide Bonds An amino acid is a small molecule with an amine group (NH2) at one end and a carboxylic acid (COOH) group at the other end. The peptide bonds formed between these groups create chains, or polymers, of amino acids. A peptide bond is a covalent bond that is formed between two molecules…
What is Protein? The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA) is decoded into proteins (sequences of amino acids) by living cells. Proteins make the cell able to function, by telling the builder proteins how to create themselves. Proteins are integral and essential food components…
Chromosome mapping Chromosome mapping is the process of locating specific genes on a chromosome. Chromosomes are collections of DNA, that contain genes. There are different types of chromosome maps. They vary in precision and completeness. Such a map is useful in understanding how genes give rise to certain physical traits. It helps in the treatment…
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Chromosomes In molecular biology, the genome is the sum total of an organism’s hereditary information. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. The human genome of the modern (cro-magnon) human is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. Previous creatures, such as the Neanderthalers and primates, had 24 chromosome pairs. The…
Hox Genes? Certain genes that contain the homeobox sequence, the hox genes, are grouped in sequence along certain chromosomes. The order of this alignment reflects the positions of specific bones and body parts that these genes control. Through the regulatory proteins that they produce, various groups of hox genes orchestrate the entire anatomical structure of…
Homeotic Genes The human body is composed of several trillion cells, all coming from the same single fertilized egg, having the same genes, yet almost all of them have become specialized to perform certain tasks. This is because not all genes in a cell are activated at the same time. Several of the proteins that…
Gene sequencing Gene sequencing is a process in which the individual base nucleotides in an organism’s DNA are identified. It laid the foundation for the Human Genome Project, completed in 2003. Different genes are activated in different cells, creating specific proteins that give each cell type its trait. Gene sequencing is used to learn about…
There are 3 different types of genes: A regulator gene. That is a gene that causes the production of a protein that regulates or suppresses the activity of one or more structural genes. A structural gene. That is a gene that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein. An operator gene activates the production…
Particle-based Genetic Code II DNA Mutagens? Most of our DNA is non-coding and thus useful for research by other disciplines and further consciousness expansion. Non-coding DNA can be classified into two main groups: LINE (Long Interspersed Nuclear Element). LINE repetitive DNA is about 6500 base-Twins long and is dispersed throughout the Human Genome. SINE (Short…
The Helicase Cut? The sugar found in DNA is called a Deoxy-ribose, while the sugar in RNA is called a Ribose. The phosphate groups attach to the 3rd (3’) and the 5th (5’) carbon atom of each sugar. One strand has a 5′ (prime) > 3′ (prime) direction; the other a 3′ prime > 5′…